Wichtige Infos und Tipps für die Reise nach Bosnien und Herzegowina: Verkehrsregeln, Tempolimits, Mitführpflichten und Maut: Alle Infos direkt beim ÖAMTC. Bosnia and Herzegovina has a bicameral legislature and a three-member Presidency composed of a member of each major ethnic group. The Borac handball club has won seven Yugoslav Handball Championships, as well as the European Championship Cup in 1976 and the International Handball Federation Cup in 1991. Within these cities, various Ottoman Sultans financed the construction of many works of Bosnian architecture such as the country's first library in Sarajevo, madrassas, a school of Sufi philosophy, and a clock tower (Sahat Kula), bridges such as the Stari Most, the Emperor's Mosque and the Gazi Husrev-beg Mosque. [122], Ethnic composition in Bosnia and Herzegovina as of 2013[6], Bosnia and Herzegovina is home to three ethnic "constituent peoples", namely Bosniaks, Serbs, and Croats, plus a number of smaller groups including Jews and Roma. [citation needed], The Serb members of parliament, consisting mainly of the Serb Democratic Party members, abandoned the central parliament in Sarajevo, and formed the Assembly of the Serb People of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 24 October 1991, which marked the end of the tri-ethnic coalition that governed after the elections in 1990. [145], In 2017, exports grew by 17% when compared to the previous year, totaling €5.65 billion. A very important role in their life was the cult of the dead, which is seen in their careful burials and burial ceremonies, as well as the richness of their burial sites. Full membership was expected in 2014 or 2015, depending on the progress of reforms. [citation needed], Furthermore, several Bosnian Muslims played influential roles in the Ottoman Empire's cultural and political history during this time. Some cantons are ethnically mixed and have special laws to ensure the equality of all constituent people. Meho Kodro spent most of his career playing in Spain most notably with Real Sociedad and FC Barcelona. [17], As the Ottoman Empire continued their rule in the Balkans (Rumelia), Bosnia was somewhat relieved of the pressures of being a frontier province, and experienced a period of general welfare. Italy, Hozić, 2008; Thompson & De Luce, 2002; Kurspahić, 2003; Jusić, 2006, Državna himna Bosne i Hercegovine / "Државна химна Босне и Херцеговине", Austro-Hungarian conquest and 1908 annexation, annexation into the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, under the constitutional nomenclature "Others", Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, applicant for membership to the European Union, Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Middle Ages, Ottoman conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina, History of Bosnia and Herzegovina § Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918–41), History of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1941–45), Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia, History of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1945–1992), Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the war that followed the break-up of Yugoslavia, Assembly of the Serb People of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Army of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, List of mountains in Bosnia and Herzegovina, International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ministry of Defence of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Foreign relations of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union, Demographic history of Bosnia and Herzegovina, European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, List of companies of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Željeznice Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine, Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina, American University in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo School of Science and Technology, Radio and Television of Bosnia and Herzegovina, List of Bosnia and Herzegovina patriotic songs, Bosnia and Herzegovina national u-16 team, 2015 European Youth Summer Olympic Festival, Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team, volleyball at the 2004 Summer Paralympics, volleyball at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, "Bosnia and Herzegovina • Country facts • PopulationData.net", "Danas se iz Norveške kući vraća 13 državljana BiH, a šta je sa ostalima? While working within the Socialist system, politicians such as Džemal Bijedić, Branko Mikulić and Hamdija Pozderac reinforced and protected the sovereignty of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bosnia and Herzegovina - along with other Western Balkans countries – was identified as a potential candidate for EU membership during the Thessaloniki European Council summit in June 2003. The first bespoke higher-education institution was a school of Sufi philosophy established by Gazi Husrev-beg in 1531. [177], Bosnia has also become an increasingly popular skiing and Ecotourism destination. This reliable extreme-sports outfit specialises in rafting (35KM-70KM) but also offers guided hiking and canyoning trips in spring and autumn (40KM, six-person minimum). Studio Kemix firm Dzemal Dzihanovic from Živinice together with his artists brought this kind of music to perfection at the end 20th century. Bosniaks are the largest group of the three, with Serbs second, and Croats third. Bosnia, the larger region, occupies the country’s northern and central parts, and Herzegovina is in the south and southwest. Following a period that saw attempts at appeasement, the signing of the Tripartite Treaty, and a coup d'état, Yugoslavia was finally invaded by Germany on 6 April 1941. [citation needed]. High levels of partisanship and linkages between the media and the political systems hinder the adherence to professional code of conducts.[192]. The House of Peoples has 15 delegates chosen by parliaments of the entities, two-thirds of which come from the Federation (5 Croat and 5 Bosniaks) and one-third from the Republika Srpska (5 Serbs). [83] The Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was admitted as a member state of the United Nations on 22 May 1992. The turnout in the independence referendum was 63.4 percent and 99.7 percent of voters voted for independence. Taking advantage of turmoil in the Ottoman Empire, Austro-Hungarian diplomacy tried to obtain provisional Russian approval for changes over the status of Bosnia Herzegovina and published the annexation proclamation on 6 October 1908. Daors made unique bronze coins and sculptures. [17] Serbo-Croat tensions over the structuring of the Yugoslav state continued, with the concept of a separate Bosnian division receiving little or no consideration. Sarajevo is the capital and largest city. However, the central government's power is highly limited, as the country is largely decentralized and comprises two autonomous entities: the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska, with a third unit, the Brčko District, governed under local government. Beginning in 2007, the Ministry of Defence of Bosnia and Herzegovina undertook the army's first ever international assistance mission, enlisting the military to serve with ISAF peace missions to Afghanistan, Iraq and the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2007. Five officers, acting as officers/advisors, served in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The Bosnian Serb members of the JNA simply changed insignia, formed the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS), and continued fighting. The High Representative is the highest political authority in the country. Le budget moyen pour un voyage en Bosnie-Herzégovine est calculé à partir des budgets voyages ajoutés par les utilisateurs du site. The Yugoslav national basketball team, which won medals in every world championship from 1963 through 1990, included Bosnian players such as FIBA Hall of Famers Dražen Dalipagić and Mirza Delibašić. 71.5% of the tourists came from foreign countries. Herzegovina has drier Mediterranean climate, with dominant karst topography. In the south, distilleries used to produce vast quantities of brandy and supply all of ex-Yugoslav alcohol factories (brandy is the base of most alcoholic drinks). [citation needed], The fourth level of political division in Bosnia and Herzegovina is the municipality. 15 von 100 Bosniern sind Kroaten.Neben diesen drei großen Volksgruppen existieren aber noch mehrere Minderheiten im Land, beispielsweise die Juden oder die Roma. The National Theater was founded 1919 in Sarajevo and its first director was the dramatist Branislav Nušić. The rise of these competing movements marked the beginning of nationalist politics in Bosnia, which continued to grow in the rest of the 19th and 20th centuries. [73], Starting in 1941, Yugoslav communists under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito organized their own multi-ethnic resistance group, the partisans, who fought against both Axis and Chetnik forces. The Brčko District in the north of the country was created in 2000, out of land from both entities. [115], EU integration is one of the main political objectives of Bosnia and Herzegovina; it initiated the Stabilisation and Association Process in 2007. Perles avec motif Pays-BasLa perle à motif „Pays-Bas“ a un diamètre de 20 mm et une hauteur de 10 mm. It is thought to be brought from Persia-Kalesi tribe that settled in the area of present Sprecanski valleys and hence probably the name Kalesija. [68] Of these, about 18,000 were killed by the Chetniks. [80][81], A declaration of the sovereignty of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 15 October 1991 was followed by a referendum for independence on 29 February/1 March 1992, which was boycotted by the great majority of Serbs. The Autariatae under Pleurias (337 BCE) were considered to have been a kingdom. Außerdem: Informationen zur Politik und zu den bilateralen Beziehungen mit Deutschland. Refrigeration Food and Beverage HVAC Process Technology Power Energy. Gleiches gilt für de… In 2018, the unemployment should be 19.4% and it should further fall to 18.8% in 2019. [71] These units were responsible for massacres of Serbs in northwest and eastern Bosnia, most notably in Vlasenica. The methods selected by the High Representative have been criticized as undemocratic. The most notable Illyrian kingdoms and dynasties were those of Bardyllis of the Dardani and of Agron of the Ardiaei who created the last and best-known Illyrian kingdom. The Brčko District has been praised for maintaining a multiethnic population and a level of prosperity significantly above the national average. [4] Other major cities are Banja Luka and Bihać in the northwest region known as Bosanska Krajina, Bijeljina and Tuzla in the northeast, Zenica in the central part of Bosnia and Mostar, the largest city in Herzegovina. As such, many municipalities have a long tradition and history with their present boundaries. La perle à motif est adaptée aux attaches tétines, hochets et chaînes pour poussettes. [184] Since 2014, the N1 platform began broadcasting as an affiliate of CNN International and has headquarters in Sarajevo, Zagreb, and Belgrade. In the interwar period, Bosnia and Herzegovina was part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and after World War II, it was granted full republic status in the newly formed Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. [167], In the first six months of 2019, exports amounted to 5.829 billion KM (€2.98 billion), which is 0.1% less than in the same period of 2018, while imports amounted to 9.779 billion KM (€5.00 billion), which is by 4.5% more than in the same period of the previous year. 85 Bosnian soldiers served as base security in Iraq, occasionally conducting infantry patrols there as well. The Bosnian military consists of the Bosnian Ground Forces and Air Force and Air Defense. [147], The unemployment rate in 2017 was 20.5%, but The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies is predicting falling unemployment rate for the next few years. He made 234 appearances and scored 31 goals for German club FC Bayern Munich. [17], Once the kingdom of Yugoslavia was conquered by German forces in World War II, all of Bosnia was ceded to the Nazi puppet regime, the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) led by the Ustaše. [69] Massacres against Croats were smaller in scale but similar in action. Association football is the most popular sport in Bosnia and Herzegovina. [166], In the second quarter of 2019, the average price of new apartments sold in Bosnia and Herzegovina was 1,606 km (€821.47) per square meter. [170], In 2018, 1.883.772 tourists visited Bosnia-Herzegovina, an increase of 44,1%, and had 3.843.484 overnight hotel stays, a 43.5% increase from the previous year. Illyrian cultural traits were adopted by the South Slavs, as evidenced in certain customs and traditions, placenames, etc. [69], A percentage of Muslims served in Nazi Waffen-SS units. [55], Following World War I, Bosnia and Herzegovina joined the South Slav Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (soon renamed Yugoslavia). [citation needed][dubious – discuss]. Les Pays-Bas lors de leur dernier entraînement Getty Images Corps de l'article les Pays-Bas affrontent la Bosnie-Herzégovine dans le Groupe A1 de l'UEFA Nations League à … It is not entirely landlocked; to the south it has a narrow coast on the Adriatic Sea, which is about 20 kilometres (12 miles) long and surrounds the town of Neum. Railway operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina are successors of the Yugoslav Railways within the country boundaries following independence from the Former Yugoslavia in 1992. The geological composition of the Dinaric chain of mountains in Bosnia consists primarily of limestone (including Mesozoic limestone), with deposits of iron, coal, zinc, manganese, bauxite, lead, and salt present in some areas, especially in central and northern Bosnia. Songs are performed preferably in a diphthong, the first and second voice which is a special secret performance of this music and some performers sing in troglasju as they do Kalesijski triple that was recorded in 1968, as the first written record of the tone on the album, along with Higurashi no naku. [142], According to Eurostat data, Bosnia and Herzegovina's PPS GDP per capita stood at 29 per cent of the EU average in 2010. [141] The international debt was $5.1 billion (as on 31 December 2014). The earliest recorded kingdom in Illyria (a region in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula inhabited by the Illyrians, as recorded in classical antiquity) was the Enchele in the 8th century BCE. [174] Sarajevo also won travel blog Foxnomad's "Best City to Visit" competition in 2012, beating more than one hundred other cities around the entire world. The Bosnian wartime militia (Schutzkorps), which became known for its persecution of Serbs, was overwhelmingly Muslim. In summer it's a more gentle cascade, but the basin offers an idyllic respite from the sweltering heat for hundreds of locals and tourists. Bosnia and Herzegovina national u-16 team won two gold medals in 2015, winning both 2015 European Youth Summer Olympic Festival as well as 2015 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship. The experience had a profound impact in the collective memory of Serbs in Croatia and Bosnia. Bosnia and Herzegovina has been settled since at least the Upper Paleolithic but permanent human settlement traces back to the Neolithic age, during which time it was inhabited by cultures such as Butmir, Kakanj, and Vučedol. These bands first appeared around World War I and became popular in the 1960s. Overall, nearly 50% of Bosnia and Herzegovina is forested. The Ottoman Empire had started its conquest of Europe and posed a major threat to the Balkans throughout the first half of the 15th century. These factors caused the Austro-Hungarian government to seek a permanent resolution of the Bosnian question sooner, rather than later. Press / News It has a coastline about 20 kilometres (12 miles) long surrounding the city of Neum. The bridge's swooping arch was originally built between 1557 and 1566 on the orders of Suleiman the Magnificent. By the time of his death in 1353, he was successful in annexing territories to the north and west, as well as Zahumlje and parts of Dalmatia. Comment calculons-nous le budget prévisionnel pour un voyage en Bosnie-Herzégovine ? Some television, magazines, and newspapers in Bosnia and Herzegovina are state-owned, and some are for-profit corporations funded by advertising, subscription, and other sales-related revenues. [151], In 2017, Bosnia and Herzegovina ranked 3rd in the world in terms of the number of new jobs created by foreign investment, relative to the number of inhabitants. Bosnia is in the western Balkans, bordering Croatia (932 km or 579 mi) to the north and west, Serbia (302 km or 188 mi) to the east, and Montenegro (225 km or 140 mi) to the southeast. The most impressive success of Bosnian Chess was runner-up position in Chess Olympiad of 1994 in Moscow, featuring Grandmasters Predrag Nikolić, Ivan Sokolov and Bojan Kurajica. Bosnien und Herzegowina birgt ein großes Potential für die Energiebranche.Hier haben sich in den letzten Jahren auch zahlreiche Arbeitsplätze entwickelt. According to the census of 2013, Muslims comprised 50.7% of the population, while Orthodox Christians made 30.7%, Catholics 15.2%, 1.2% other and 1.1% atheist or agnostic, with the remainder not declaring or not answering the question. [17] However, Bosnia's existence within Yugoslavia, for the large part, was relatively peaceful and very prosperous, with high employment, a strong industrial and export oriented economy, a good education system and social and medical security for every citizen (of Bosnia and Herzegovina). On 29 November 1943 the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia with Tito at its helm held a founding conference in Jajce where Bosnia and Herzegovina was reestablished as a republic within the Yugoslavian federation in its Habsburg borders. The international news station Al Jazeera maintains a sister channel that caters to the Balkan region, Al Jazeera Balkans, broadcasting out of and based in Sarajevo. Yet, internationally backed positive developments have been often obstructed by domestic elites, and the professionalisation of media and journalists has proceeded only slowly. [70] Between 64,000 and 79,000 Bosnian Croats were killed between April 1941 to May 1945. Historija Bošnjaka. The Dinaric Alps generally run in a southeast–northwest direction, and get higher towards the south. Due to expulsions and (forced) assimilation after the two World Wars, the number of ethnic Germans in Bosnia and Herzegovina was drastically diminished. HVAC Power Energy Industrial IT Cooling. Habsburg rule had several key concerns in Bosnia. Sarajevo: BZK Preporod; Daclon, Corrado Maria (1997). ", "Census of population, households and dwellings in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2013: Final results", "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects", "Distribution of family income – Gini index", "Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update", "International tourism, number of arrivals - Bosnia and Herzegovina", "List of Member States of the Union for the Mediterranean - UfM", "Bosnia and Herzegovina - Ottoman Bosnia", "An International Symposium "Southeastern Europe 1918–1995, "Human Losses of the Croats in World War II and the Immediate Post-War Period Caused by the Chetniks (Yugoslav Army in the Fatherand) and the Partisans (People's Liberation Army and the Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia/Yugoslav Army) and the Communist Authorities: Numerical Indicators", "Muslimanske rezolucije iz 1941 godine [Muslim resolutions of 1941]", "The Great Serbian threat, ZAVNOBiH and Muslim Bosniak entry into the People's Liberation Movement", Branko Mikulic – socialist emperor manqué, "The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Case NO: IT-01-47-PT (Amended Indictment)", "The Referendum on Independence in Bosnia–Herzegovina: February 29 – March 1, 1992", "ICTY: Naletilić and Martinović verdict – A. Secondary education is provided by general and technical secondary schools (typically Gymnasiums) where studies typically last for four years. The Air Force has seen improvements in the last few years with added funds for aircraft repairs and improved cooperation with the Ground Forces as well as to the citizens of the country. Plum (rakija) or apple (jabukovača) alcohol beverages are produced in the north. [127][128][129] However, academics Hilary Footitt and Michael Kelly note the Dayton Agreement states it is "done in Bosnian, Croatian, English and Serbian", and they describe this as the "de facto recognition of three official languages" at the state level. http://www.lesvanupieds.fr/bosnie-herzegovine Passage éclair mais très apprécié en Bosnie, dans la ville de Mostar. In the villages, especially in Herzegovina, Bosniaks, Serbs, and Croats play the ancient Gusle. The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina covers 51% of Bosnia and Herzegovina's total area, while Republika Srpska covers 49%. [126], Bosnia's constitution does not specify any official languages. [95][96][97], The protests marked the largest outbreak of public anger over high unemployment and two decades of political inertia in the country since the end of the Bosnian War in 1995.[98]. Sergej Barbarez, who played for several clubs in the German Bundesliga including Borussia Dortmund, Hamburger SV and Bayer Leverkusen was joint-top scorer in the 2000–01 Bundesliga season with 22 goals. The Bosnian chess team was Champion of Yugoslavia seven times, in addition to club ŠK Bosna winning four European Chess Club Cups. In 1910, Habsburg Emperor Franz Joseph proclaimed the first constitution in Bosnia, which led to relaxation of earlier laws, elections and formation of the Bosnian parliament, and growth of new political life. The Ottomans referred to them as kristianlar while the Orthodox and Catholics were called gebir or kafir, meaning "unbeliever". Historically, Bosnia's official name never included any of its many regions until the Austria-Hungarian occupation. According to philologist Anton Mayer the name Bosna could derive from Illyrian *"Bass-an-as"), which would derive from the Proto-Indo-European root "bos" or "bogh"—meaning "the running water". After World War II artists like Mersad Berber and Safet Zec rose in popularity. Mountains provide a sunbaked backdrop, while hills topped with Orthodox churches punctuate the suburbs. He or she is then responsible for appointing a Foreign Minister, Minister of Foreign Trade, and others as appropriate. This was followed by annexation into the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, which lasted up until World War I. In 2017, Bosnia and Herzegovina mostly exported car seats, electricity, processed wood, aluminum and furniture. Bosnia and Herzegovina has produced many athletes, both as a state in Yugoslavia and independently after 1992. Whitewater rafting is somewhat of a national pastime, with three rivers, including the deepest river canyon in Europe, the Tara River Canyon. The country has only 20 kilometres (12 miles) of coastline,[99][102] around the town of Neum in the Herzegovina-Neretva Canton. Imports of goods increased by 12% and amounted to €9.32 billion. There's usually enough snow to ski from around Christmas, and New Year is the busiest time, though February is more reliable for good piste conditions. Mirko, Felix, Huub und Co.: Die Schalke-Trainer der letzten Jahre Slavs overwhelmed the Balkans in the 6th and 7th centuries. Their capital was Daorson in Ošanići near Stolac. At the end of the war, the Bosniaks had lost more men per capita than any other ethnic group in the Habsburg Empire whilst serving in the Bosnian-Herzegovinian Infantry (known as Bosniaken) of the Austro-Hungarian Army. Members of the Parliamentary Assembly are chosen according to a proportional representation system.[110][111]. It was renamed Republika Srpska in August 1992. Bolstered by Serbia's breakaway from the Ottoman Empire in the early 19th century, Serbian nationalists began making contacts and sending nationalist propaganda claiming Bosnia as a Serbian province. [15], The first preserved widely acknowledged mention of Bosnia is in De Administrando Imperio, a politico-geographical handbook written by the Byzantine emperor Constantine VII in the mid-10th century (between 948 and 952) describing the "small land" (χωρίον in Greek) of "Bosona" (Βοσώνα), where the Serbs dwell. [148], On 31 December 2017, Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina issued the report on public debt of Bosnia and Herzegovina, stating the public debt was reduced by €389.97 million, or by more than 6% when compared to 31 December 2016. It is usually performed by singers with two violinists and a šargija player. [33] The second was Ban Kulin whose rule marked the start of a controversy involving the Bosnian Church – considered heretical by the Roman Catholic Church. Japodian tribes had an affinity to decoration (heavy, oversized necklaces out of yellow, blue or white glass paste, and large bronze fibulas, as well as spiral bracelets, diadems and helmets out of bronze foil). A second round followed on 25 November, resulting in a national assembly where communist power was replaced by a coalition of three ethnically-based parties. In northern parts, there was a long tradition of cremation and burial in shallow graves, while in the south the dead were buried in large stone or earth tumuli (natively called gromile) that in Herzegovina were reaching monumental sizes, more than 50 m wide and 5 m high. [36], Bosnian history from then until the early 14th century was marked by a power struggle between the Šubić and Kotromanić families. All rights reserved. Again, it became the leader of First World War onwards, as well as 60 years in the field Sprecanski doline.