[72]. [98], Rock has been criticized by some Christian religious leaders, who have condemned it as immoral, anti-Christian and even demonic. [12], The term "rock and roll" is defined by Greg Kot in Encyclopædia Britannica as the music that originated in the mid-1950s and later developed "into the more encompassing international style known as rock music". From the late 1960s and early 1970s, American rock music was highly influential in the development of a number of fusions, including blending with folk music to create folk rock, with blues to create blues rock, with country music to create country rock, roots rock and southern rock and with jazz to create jazz rock, all of which contributed to psychedelic rock. [26], By the end of 1962 British beat groups like The Beatles were drawing on a wide range of American influences including soul music, rhythm and blues and surf music. [168], In 2001, nu metal reached its peak with albums like Staind's Break the Cycle, P.O.D's Satellite, Slipknot's Iowa and Linkin Park's Hybrid Theory. This site uses cookies. [23][24] The lyrics include the line, "I rock 'em, roll 'em all night long". [17][20] While early rock and roll, particularly through the advent of rockabilly, saw the greatest commercial success for male and white performers, in this era the genre was dominated by black and female artists. [49], By the 1960s, the scene that had developed out of the American folk music revival had grown to a major movement, using traditional music and new compositions in a traditional style, usually on acoustic instruments. [121], Several rock historians have claimed that rock and roll was one of the first music genres to define an age group. [13][14], The phrase "rocking and rolling" originally described the movement of a ship on the ocean,[15] but by the early 20th century was used both to describe the spiritual fervor of black church rituals[16] and as a sexual analogy. Although only a minor hit when first released, when used in the opening sequence of the movie Blackboard Jungle a year later, it set the rock and roll boom in motion. [31] In the documentary film Hail! [208] It gained international attention at the beginning of the new millennium, but rapidly faded as a recognisable genre. [131] This first wave of pop punk reached its commercial peak with Green Day's Nimrod (1997) and The Offspring's Americana (1998). [122] It gave teenagers a sense of belonging, even when they were alone. [81] Doo-wop would be a major influence on vocal surf music, soul and early Merseybeat, including the Beatles.[81]. [29], British rock broke through to mainstream popularity in the United States in January 1964 with the success of the Beatles. "[8] For the purpose of differentiation, this article deals with the first definition. [101] Many Christian rock performers have ties to the contemporary Christian music scene, while other bands and artists are closely linked to independent music. [102] While these artists were largely acceptable in Christian communities the adoption of heavy rock and glam metal styles by bands like Petra and Stryper, who achieved considerable mainstream success in the 1980s, was more controversial. Sock hops, school and church gym dances, and home basement dance parties became the rage, and American teens watched Dick Clark's American Bandstand to keep up on the latest dance and fashion styles. [87] The racial lines, however, are rather more clouded by the fact that some of these R&B songs originally recorded by black artists had been written by white songwriters, such as the team of Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. [38] By 1968 the style largely disappeared from the national charts and at the local level as amateur musicians faced college, work or the draft. [24] The growing popularity of the genre led groups from other areas to try their hand. Remembering Cleveland’s most beloved musician and songwriter Michael Stanley. The Beatles went on to become the biggest selling rock band of all time and they were followed by numerous British bands, particularly those influenced by blues music including The Rolling Stones, The Animals and The Yardbirds. [36][37] Garage rock songs revolved around the traumas of high school life, with songs about "lying girls" being particularly common. An awakening began to take place in American youth culture. [143], In the 1980s the terms indie rock and alternative rock were used interchangeably. The cover versions were not necessarily straightforward imitations. Listen to your favorite rock'n'roll stations for free at OnlineRadioBox.com or on your smartphone. [94] Elvis' rock and roll version of "Hound Dog", taken mainly from a version recorded by the pop band Freddie Bell and the Bellboys, was very different from the blues shouter that Big Mama Thornton had recorded four years earlier. Its immediate origins lay in a mixing together of various black musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music; in addition to country and western. I’ve been playing it for 15 years in New Orleans". [25] Freed did not acknowledge the suggestion about that source in interviews, and explained the term as follows: "Rock ’n roll is really swing with a modern name. [123] This involved not just music, absorbed via radio, record buying, jukeboxes and TV programs like American Bandstand, but also extended to film, clothes, hair, cars and motorbikes, and distinctive language. [22], Several sources suggest that Freed found the term, used as a synonym for sexual intercourse, on the record "Sixty Minute Man" by Billy Ward and his Dominoes. [88], From the late 1960s it became common to divide mainstream rock music into soft and hard rock. It began on the levees and plantations, took in folk songs, and features blues and rhythm". [18][25] Their first chart hit, "Surfin'" in 1962 reached the Billboard top 100 and helped make the surf music craze a national phenomenon. Rooted in garage rock and other forms of what is now known as protopunk music, punk rock bands eschewed the perceived excesses of mainstream 1970s rock. [62][63] The Byrds rapidly progressed from purely folk rock in 1966 with their single "Eight Miles High",[64] widely taken[by whom?] to be a reference to drug use. [78] Their successors included the fusion/progressive instrumentalists Dixie Dregs, the more country-influenced Outlaws, jazz-leaning Wet Willie and (incorporating elements of R&B and gospel) the Ozark Mountain Daredevils. [33] It dented the careers of established R&B acts like Fats Domino and Chubby Checker and even temporarily derailed the chart success of surviving rock and roll acts, including Elvis. [33][34] Radio stations that made white and black forms of music available to both groups, the development and spread of the gramophone record, and African-American musical styles such as jazz and swing which were taken up by white musicians, aided this process of "cultural collision". These instruments were generally replaced or supplemented by guitar in the middle to late 1950s. The more familiar sound of these covers may have been more palatable to white audiences, there may have been an element of prejudice, but labels aimed at the white market also had much better distribution networks and were generally much more profitable. [204][205] The Electroclash subgenre began in New York at the end of the 1990s, combining synth pop, techno, punk and performance art. The lyrics of rock and roll songs described events and conflicts that most listeners could relate to through personal experience. These included The Astronauts, from Boulder, Colorado, The Trashmen, from Minneapolis, Minnesota, who had a number 4 hit with "Surfin Bird" in 1964 and The Rivieras from South Bend, Indiana, who reached number 5 in 1964 with "California Sun". Post-grunge bands emulated their attitudes and music, but with a more radio-friendly commercially oriented sound. [127] Many heartland rock artists continue to record today with critical and commercial success, most notably Bruce Springsteen and John Mellencamp, although their works have become more personal and experimental and no longer fit easily into a single genre. It is often depicted in movies, fan magazines, and on television. T. Frank, "Alternative to what? These leftovers from the sessions had already appeared, as part of 1986's Menlove Ave. [nb 12] (a collection of outtakes) or the John Lennon Anthology box set . [127], Exemplified by the commercial success of singer songwriters Bruce Springsteen, Bob Seger, and Tom Petty, along with less widely known acts such as Southside Johnny and the Asbury Jukes and Joe Grushecky and the Houserockers, it was partly a reaction to post-industrial urban decline in the East and Mid-West, often dwelling on issues of social disintegration and isolation, beside a form of good-time rock and roll revivalism. Since the 1980s Christian rock performers have gained mainstream success, including figures such as the American gospel-to-pop crossover artist Amy Grant. [209] Dance-punk, mixing post-punk sounds with disco and funk, had developed in the 1980s, but it was revived among some bands of the garage rock/post-punk revival in the early years of the new millennium, particularly among New York acts such as Liars, The Rapture and Radio 4, joined by dance-oriented acts who adopted rock sounds such as Out Hud. With louder, faster and usually shorter songs with shouted or screamed vocals it spawned bands like the Dead Kennedys, Minor Threat and Black Flag. [106] They created fast, hard-edged music, typically with short songs, stripped-down instrumentation, and often political, anti-establishment lyrics. [4] While rock and roll's formative elements can be heard in blues records from the 1920s,[5] and in country records of the 1930s,[4] the genre did not acquire its name until 1954.[6][7]. "Rockabilly" usually (but not exclusively) refers to the type of rock and roll music which was played and recorded in the mid-1950s primarily by white singers such as Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash, and Jerry Lee Lewis, who drew mainly on the country roots of the music. [103] During this period American Rock and Roll remained dominant; however, in 1958 Britain produced its first "authentic" rock and roll song and star, when Cliff Richard reached number 2 in the charts with "Move It". [138], The term post-grunge was coined for the generation of bands that followed the emergence into the mainstream, and subsequent hiatus, of the Seattle grunge bands. Later, as those songs became popular, the original artists' recordings received radio play as well.[92]. [102], In the 1950s, Britain was well placed to receive American rock and roll music and culture. [139] The term post-grunge was meant to be pejorative, suggesting that they were simply musically derivative, or a cynical response to an "authentic" rock movement. [132] Few of these bands, with the exception of R.E.M., achieved mainstream success, but despite a lack of spectacular album sales, they exerted a considerable influence on the generation of musicians who came of age in the 80s and ended up breaking through to mainstream success in the 1990s. [76] His song "Guitar Rock" is considered as classic rockabilly. What'd I Say - Ray Charles 4. [104] Trad Jazz became popular, and many of its musicians were influenced by related American styles, including boogie woogie and the blues. "Rock 'n' Roll With Me" is a power ballad written by David Bowie and Warren Peace and recorded in January 1974 that first appeared on Bowie's Diamond Dogs album, supposedly to address the artist's complex relation with his fans. Major influences beside punk bands were The Velvet Underground, The Who, Frank Zappa and Captain Beefheart, and the New York-based no wave scene which placed an emphasis on performance, including bands such as James Chance and the Contortions, DNA and Sonic Youth. [191], Metalcore, originally an American hybrid of thrash metal and hardcore punk, emerged as a commercial force in the mid-2000s. [192] It was rooted in the crossover thrash style developed two decades earlier by bands such as Suicidal Tendencies, Dirty Rotten Imbeciles, and Stormtroopers of Death and remained an underground phenomenon through the 1990s. [31][45] In the same period, particularly on the West Coast and in the Midwest, the development of jump blues, with its guitar riffs, prominent beats and shouted lyrics, prefigured many later developments. Covers were customary in the music industry at the time; it was made particularly easy by the compulsory license provision of United States copyright law (still in effect). (1964) and Rip Chords with "Hey Little Cobra", which both reached the top ten, but the only other act to achieve sustained success with the formula were Jan & Dean, who had a number 1 hit with "Surf City" (co-written with Brian Wilson) in 1963. Other artists with early rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Gene Vincent. Songwriting credits were often unreliable; many publishers, record executives, and even managers (both white and black) would insert their name as a composer in order to collect royalty checks. [12], Many early rock and roll songs dealt with issues of cars, school, dating, and clothing. [1][2][page needed] It originated from Black American music such as gospel, jump blues, jazz, boogie woogie, rhythm and blues,[3] and country music. [210], Punk and its aftermath (mid-1970s to the 1980s). [72] The greatest commercial success for country rock came in the 1970s, with artist including the Doobie Brothers, Emmylou Harris, Linda Ronstadt and the Eagles (made up of members of the Burritos, Poco and Stone Canyon Band), who emerged as one of the most successful rock acts of all time, producing albums that included Hotel California (1976).